Microfinance: India vs. China

Written by on March 31, 2009 in Asia, Education, Entrepreneurship, Microfinance, Videos, World - 7 Comments

chinaindia

Last week, I attended a presentation by Tarun Khanna, professor of strategy at Harvard Business School. His presentation focused on microfinance, a theme in his new book, “Billions of Entrepreneurs: How China and India Are Reshaping Their Futures–and Yours.” To propel discussion, he discussed the dynamics of microfinance in India and China and how the impact of microfinance has been fundamentally different in each country.  He asserts (on very general terms) that microfinance in India has been somewhat successful, whereas in China, microfinance has yet to really impact a significant amount of people to a capacity that it truly can.

His reasons for the stark differences of the impact of microfinance on each country boil down to:

protest

1. Rights

Private rights are dramatically limited in China and the public interest is favored. Whereas, in India private rights are usually favored over public rights. For example, if there was a road construction project and a road had to be built through an individual’s property, the individual in China would be forced to move. Whereas that same individual in India would decide whether moving is in their best interest and may decide to battle the matter out in court.

Thus for the Chinese, limited private property rights tend to undermine entrepreneurship at its core, whereas for the Indians private entrepreneurship may be freely pursued but a lack of a healthy governmental infrastructure somewhat hinders free enterprise prosperity.


censorship

2. Impartial Information

Access to fair and impartial information is almost completely inaccessible in China. The government essentially controls mainstream media. In India, information rights are excessive with minimal government intervention, leading to a sometimes meaningless inundation of information.


Thus, for the Chinese, biased information can severely obstruct business decisions and for the Indians an excess of information can complicate business decisions.


beijing-peking

3. Government

The Communist Party is strong and growing, in numbers and influence. To put bluntly, the Chinese government fear institutions, including microfinance organizations, achieving scale outside the boundaries of governmental control. In the government’s eyes, a microfinance organization may become too influential on Chinese citizens. The government in India operates in a diametrically different direction with government involvement in citizens personal affairs being minimal (often times too minimal, ie. lack of healthcare etc).
For the Chinese, big government control severely restricts the power of microfinance. For the Indians, microfinance has made a positive impact but without sound economical infrastructure in place, it is certainly far from blossoming.


Take away: India’s soil is better for microfinance and arguably entrepreneurship. However, Mr. Khanna’s presentation was enormously simplified and clearly biased in favor of India as there are a myriad of downsides which are equally detrimental to entrepreneurship in India (ie. weak political, legal, operational infrastructure). All in all, it was an interesting take on the impact of microfinance, in light of political infrastructure, in those countries. Something to think about for social entrepreneurs currently operating in China or India or those who wish to create a social venture in either country in the future.

Here is Mr. Khanna giving a similar presentation at Stanford University:

Image soures: blog-city.com, thinkquest.org, honestmediatoday.com, planetware.com

Erik

Erik is a perpetually curious social innovator. As a serial entrepreneur, Erik knows a thing or two about change. As a co-founder of SocialEarth, Erik hopes to channel his passion for social advocacy into an innovative venue of social awareness for others.

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  • http://mfi-china.blogspot.com Bing

    That first picture is taken in Taiwan, not (mainland) China.

    Overall, makes a lot sense. However, at operational level, still a lot questions remain:
    1. Does political information restriction always mean business/commerce information restriction too? The correlation is murky at best.
    2. How much lack of legal guarantee of property rights really hurts business? If you read political science literature that compares China and Russia, the verdict is that China has such a decentralized economy, that the powerful local stakeholders effectively put a check on governmental abuse. For example, a local government cannot easily take away a business when its performance is strictly measured by local economic output.
    3. What’s is the definition of micro-finance? China has the concept of “small loan finance”. That does not cover the poorest of the poor but does help the poorer.

    Details, details … in thy I see both devils and angels

  • ranganathan12

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    “In an effort to capture information about an expanding rural clientele we are identifying problems at the individual level and letting them drive development. Creating the atmosphere where we can co-develop solutions with local participation is one of our end goals but also one of our greatest operational strengths as we are able to address local needs faster and more precisely than our competitors,” said Vijay Pratap Singh Aditya, co- founder and Chief Executive Officer of Ekgaon. He added, “Technology is a critical tool for EkGaon, it’s what allows us to facilitate collaboration over long distances between our offices in north and south India, partners globally and track client performance in real time.”

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  • http://www.Jihoy.com/ Alex Wu

    That professor is so retarded it's outright funny. In a free market economy, Chinese government don't give you TV or food, you work your ass off and find someone to exploit you for money. That's how capitism work, be it in China or America in the 1900s before government becomes an overbearing entity and forcing companies to relocate overseas. There is no deal made, that government takes care of you, that is something from the old communist China.

    As for protests, that's fairly normal, I actually view that as sign of emergence of free society. People have rights to voice their opinions, be it appropriation of land for road construction or buliding dam (2 million people moved to pave the path of the three gorges dam, which in term created renewable energy for 150 million people, something you can't do in a democratic society). In Mao's time if you dare to hold a protest, you'd get a bullet to the head and your family get the bill for the bullet. And if you are looking at the opposing camp, which was supposingly democratic China (Taiwan) before 1992, it's the same thing if you are a communist sympathier. I have lived under both dictorships, and China today isn't so bad, it used to be even worse than North Korea.

    South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore grew the fastest while they are under dictatorships. Today, South Korea and Taiwan are thriving democracies. Singapore went from a screwed up, leftover war torn little city state that is on the verge of anniliation by its huge neighbor Malayia into one of the most properspous Asian cities without having any nature resources or democracy. Japan had a military governmen post war war, far cry from democracy when a foreign military goernment is running your country, and had the same political party for like 50 years. After 150 years of nearly non-stop warfare, it's a miracle Chinese communist party keep the Chinese from killing each other or foreign powers trampling over the nation. Try putting 1.4 billion people in America, give them 1/30 of arable land and 1/4 the water after 150 years of wars, see how our politicians handles the chaos that ensues, that'd be fun.

    India is a democracy, sounds good. Until you realize unlike America, where there is only two parties that are in power, there are hundreds of different parties, languages, cultures, it's near impossible to build consensus and get things done, like say, maybe business working there would like to have steady electricity and clean water? O yea, not to mention over 89 groups of rebel forces identified by Indian government occupying 40% of land in India. It's an interesting democracy, yes, but democracy, as aristole says, it's mob rule. Majority of minorty, rich over poor. And founders like Thomas Jefferson was strongly against such an idea (that's why America started with only white protestant land-owning protestent men can vote). In democracy, the rich controls over the poor through media manipulation and religion. It's not perfect, but it works well for developed countries with high education level where people can make informed decisions, not so great for a country that has 40% workforce being illerate, 40% high school dropouts like India. The professor is probably from the Brahmin class, priviledged few that had all the best advantages growing up.

    Why do people join communist party in masses? Well, young people who are dissatified with the way things are done, are joining. Communist party is too strong to confront directly, those guys will literally roll you over with tanks. Idealistic young people join the party in attempt to change the way things are done. Political changes are slow because those old revolutionary are not yet dead and still in control of army. Business men who aren't happy about government policies are joining, and lobbying for changes (good or bad? beganning of special interest groups?). China produces 3 times as much Ph.D. as India, and the highest concentration of Ph.D. and management talents, engineering talents are within the communist party. Those aren't the old days of Mao's long march revolutionaries. Those are western educated technocrats who knows how to run a country efficiently. Chinese people aren't stupid, if communist party messed it up big, they will rip them apart like they did to the Chinese nationalist party (ruled China from 1911 to 1949, currently in Taiwan).

    1.
    As for your pictures about rights, it's tragic what's happening. But your image is all wrong. Your first image it's a protest agaisnt President Chen Sui-bien, a democractically elected president in Republic of China (Taiwan), who is currently in jail. They are protesting against how the president is aligned himself with special interest groups while people suffers. Communist party actually use the same image that you have to tell Chinese people that that's how democracy failed us Taiwanese.

    2. Impractical information. Well, those commies are terrible at media manipulation. They are just not very skilled at controlling the media like we do here in USA, with common people willingly tag along with war in Iraq or big bank bailouts (how many rebellions do you see breaking out from the 10 trillion+ dollars we spend on bailouts? In China, Taiwan, or Korea, if something like that passes, we'd see bloodshed on the street or at least fist-fights in congress). Americans display utter apathy to their own democratic process. What's the point of protesting when nothing really changes? There is the great fire wall of China, but any half wit retard can access it with a proxy. Just about every netizen I talked to in China knows a trick or two to break through it. And police enforcement in this regard is very lackluster at best. People have access to internet, no problem. Only dumbass CNN reporter typing in English on a Chinese government provided network gets blocked.

    3. Microfinacing is a scam, under the guise of being a social benefit enterprise. I did a few calculations, and found some of those so called social benefit enterprises are nothing more tha collaterialized loans with 30 to 50% interest rate with default risk of less than 3% from rural India. And given the leverage of a typical bank (say, 20 times) with default rate of 3%, we are looking at profit margin that exceeds successful smuggling of cocaine from Columbia to USA. You might as well sell them cocaine with that bloodsucking interest rate. I'd love to go into microloan business and charge, say, a more reason rate of 6% for loans to those people in developing country if I had the capital. If you are desperate and want to take a gamble with your entire livehood, microloan from those bloodsuckers might be a way to go, but as a financial advisor, I would not be taking 30% interest loan from any those of dehumanizing companies. Chinese government made the right decision, by forcing their banks to lend to the poor peasant at much cheaper rate than multinational microlending institutions.

    I look at things purely from a finance perspective, I am not affiliated with those damn commies, my family suffered greatly being on the losing side of the Chinese Civil war. But I do see how they seems to be making the right decisions when it comes to business and finance in the last 30 years, and I am hopeful that new generation in power can make more right choices than wrong choices going forward.

  • davidbaer

    The Center for Media Research has released a study by Vertical Response that shows just where many of these ‘Main Street’ players are going with their online dollars. The big winners: e-mail and social media. With only 3.8% of small business folks NOT planning on using e-mail marketing and with social media carrying the perception of being free (which they so rudely discover it is far from free) this should make some in the banner and search crowd a little wary.

    http://www.onlineuniversalwork.com

  • davidbaer

    The Center for Media Research has released a study by Vertical Response that shows just where many of these ‘Main Street’ players are going with their online dollars. The big winners: e-mail and social media. With only 3.8% of small business folks NOT planning on using e-mail marketing and with social media carrying the perception of being free (which they so rudely discover it is far from free) this should make some in the banner and search crowd a little wary.

    http://www.onlineuniversalwork.com

  • http://www.buymmoaccounts.com/ wow accounts

    India’s soil is better for microfinance and arguably entrepreneurship. However, Mr. Khanna’s presentation was enormously simplified and clearly biased in favor of India as there are a myriad of downsides which are equally detrimental to entrepreneurship in India (ie. weak political, legal, operational infrastructure). All in all, it was an interesting take on the impact of microfinance, in light of political infrastructure, in those countries. Something to think about for social entrepreneurs currently operating in China or India or those who wish to create a social venture in either country in the future.